NEWS, Articles & publications

UK AND EU SECURITISATION REFORMS - COMPARING THE CHANGES

The European Commission announced changes to the EU securitisation framework [1] in its legislative package published in June 2025. It has now received responses from the Council and the Parliament [2] is currently preparing its final position.

In the UK, the FCA and PRA published parallel consultations on changes to the UK framework in February 2026, the most significant changes since Brexit [3].

Below we highlight the key elements of the respective packages and compare the current positions of each jurisdiction….

2026 LEGAL AND REGULATORY TO DO LIST 

A look ahead to 2026 includes pending deadlines, workstreams, watching briefs, affecting the US Treasury Securities Clearing Mandate, T+1 Securities Settlement in Europe, CRD VI, PSD3, AIFMD 2, Motor Finance Compensation Program and, Securitisation Reforms.

December 2025

Central clearing in the US Treasury Securities markets: understanding the global legal impact

In December 2023, the United States Securities and Exchanges Commission published their Final Rule prescribing mandatory clearing for “eligible secondary market transactions” involving US Treasury Securities. In-scope transactions must be cleared and settled through a central clearing agency. The rule extends to those who are a party to “eligible secondary market transactions” regardless of their jurisdiction. This includes market participants in the UK, the European Union, APAC and other jurisdictions in addition to the US. The purpose of this article is to examine the requirements of the clearing mandate, to review the legal issues and documentation requirements which it raises.

By Keith Blizzard, (October 2025) Butterworths Journal of International Banking and Financial Law

10 THINGS ABOUT… T+1 SECURITIES SETTLEMENT

Securities settlement (the process whereby the obligations of a buyer to make payment and of a seller to deliver securities are completed) underpins sales and purchases, collateral, margining, financial derivatives, repurchase transactions, securities lending and other activities in the international capital markets. Standard settlement times are based on the ‘T+’ model, which is the time in which a standard transaction should be completed. Standard settlement times for securities transactions has reduced incrementally from T+5 in the 1990s to today’s European standard of 2 days (T+2). Now three jurisdictions – the European Union, the United Kingdom and Switzerland - have announced the intention to further reduce settlement times to T+1 with effect from 11th October 2027. 

June 2025

10 THINGS ABOUT… PAYMENT SERVICES DIRECTIVE 3

The European Council’s response on the revised payment services legislation, known as PSD3, is keenly awaited as it will trigger the formal adoption of the new framework. The changes to the current PSD2 come in the form of a new Directive and a new Regulation[1] and would likely take effect in 2027. Whilst there’s a lot to absorb and discuss in the new drafts, here are 10 things which, pending finalisation of the legal text, will help you understand the regulatory compliance challenge you may face.

[1] PSD2 (2015/2366/EC) is being replaced by a combination of a new Payment Services Regulation (Proposal COD (2023) 0210) and a 3rd Payment Services Directive (Proposal COD (2023) 0209), which we refer to as the ‘Regulation’ and the ‘Directive’ respectively. The Electronic Money Directive (2009/110/EC) will also be repealed and the Settlement Finality Directive (98/26/EC) will be amended.

May 2025

10 THINGS ABOUT… THE US TREASURY CLEARING MANDATE

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission issued its Final Rule mandating clearing of U.S. Treasury Securities in January 2024[1]. This rule will require secondary markets sales and purchases and repo transactions involving U.S. Treasury Securities to be centrally cleared. Although it is a U.S. regulation it has a global impact to all users of U.S. Treasury markets.

[1] Securities and Exchanges Commission Final Rule: 17 CFR Parts 240

April 2025

10 THINGS ABOUT CRD VI

The latest iteration of capital regulations for banks and investment firms - CRD VI[1]- presents a significant regulatory compliance challenge for non-EU (third country) institutions which currently offer, or plan to offer, ‘core banking services’ in the EU. Such activities are currently harmonised in the European Union only to a ‘very limited extent’. CRD VI will introduce harmonized standards, requiring, at least, that in-scope entities offering such services establish an EU authorised branch in the relevant EU Member State. With authorization comes subsequence compliance requirements on capital, liquidity, governance and risk management and the booking of transactions.

[1] See Article 21c, Directive (EU) 2024/1619, amending Directive 2013/36/EU. See also CRR III (Regulation (EU) 2024/1623, amending Regulation (EU) 575/2013).

April 2025

REGULATING FINANCIAL INNOVATION: STARTING FROM SCRATCH

The UK is a major financial market. To retain that position in future, it must be able to accommodate and regulate innovation. That means not being fettered by imperfect analogies with existing law. It must, in other words, be capable of going back to basics when necessary. There are two ways of approaching this.

In one approach, a comprehensive set of rules is set up and applied by a statutory body. Examples of this are the EU’s 2004 Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID), and the cryptoassets directive (MiCA) currently being implemented. Another approach follows….

By Dr. Julian Roberts, (February 2024) Butterworths Journal of International Banking and Financial Law

ANTHONY DEARING OBTAINS FCA/PRA SECTION 59 APPROVAL

We are delighted that our Managing Director, Anthony Dearing, has obtained FCA and PRA FSMA s.59 approval to perform SMF16 (Compliance Oversight) and SMF17 (MLRO) FCA-designated senior management functions.

13th October 2023

CONISTER BANK OBTAINS PRA AUTHORISATION

We are delighted that our client, Conister Bank Limited, has obtained PRA authorisation to accept deposits through its UK branch office in Hampshire. This is a significant step for the bank, one of the longest established on the Isle of Man, in its plans to grow its lending business. It has been a pleasure to work with the bank on this complex project. The success of the bank’s application, in a little over two years from its decision to expand in the UK, is no small measure because of its highly experienced and dedicated Board, senior management team and certification employees with who it has been and continues to be a privilege to work. With its customer-focussed approach we have no doubt that the bank will enjoy continued success in the UK. We wish it and its dedicated staff well for the future.

12th October 2023

Transitional Capital Regime for non-systemic UK banks and building societies (firms)

In response to the GFC, the Basel Committee introduced reforms to the Basel standards known as the 'Basel III standards'. They are intended to address shortcomings identified in the calculation of risk-weighted assets (RWAs) and capital ratios, defined as the ratio of capital held by firms to RWAs. The Committee identified the following 3 factors key to mitigating the severity of subsequent financial crises:  1. raising the quantity of capital in the financial system, per unit of risk; 2. increasing the quality of capital held by firms; and 3. improving the accuracy of risk measurement by firms.    Most of the Basel III standards have already been….

8th January 2023

FTX: Regulation cannot prevent Fraud

In our view, FTX's collapse does not justify the Biden-Harris Administration's call for greater regulation of VAPs. Instead, it justifies a review of the effectiveness of corporate governance rules and systems and controls to which VAPs, and institutional VA investors are subject. FTX's failure appears to flow from a combination of an absence at FTX of corporate governance and investors' failure, perhaps through FOMO, to undertake effective due diligence, rather than from a gap in, or failure of the regulation of VAPs. According to a report issued….

24th November 2022

Base metal traders betting on the courts to enforce their agreed trades in a disorderly market

While recognised investment exchanges sometimes halt trading or very occasionally cancel transactions, for example as a non-regulatory circuit breaker, or when trades, known as “fat finger” trades, are placed in error, it is very rare for them to suspend trading for days, or to cancel entire trading sessions. Yet, that is what happened earlier this year at the London Metal Exchange (LME). This article considers US activist hedge fund Elliott Management’s challenge of the LME’s decision to cancel trades.…

By Anthony Dearing (October 2022) Butterworths Journal of International Banking and Financial Law

ETFs: could crisis be looming?

Exchange traded funds, or ETFs, are one of the most successful financial innovations in the modern era; of similar vintage and, arguably, significance to mortgage-backed securities, but to date thankfully not (yet) as controversial. This article looks at their key features, contextualises their inexorable rise by reference to some performance figures and, by reference to two examples of their higher risk synthetic variants, leveraged and inverse ETFs, highlights both the potential systemic risks they pose to the stability of global financial markets and regulators’ preparedness to address those risks.…

By Anthony Dearing (December 2021) Butterworths Journal of International Banking and Financial Law